PYTHON3

########################################################

VARIABLES

a = 1       # integer
b = 1.1     # float
c = 1 + 2j  # complex number (a + bi)
d = "a"     # string
e = True    # boolean (True / False)









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STRINGS

x = "Python"
len(x)
x[0]
x[-1]
x[0:3]
 
# Formatted strings
name = f"{first} {last}"
 
# Escape sequences
\" \' \\ \n
 
# String methods
x.upper()
x.lower()
x.title()
x.strip()
x.find("p")
x.replace("a", "b")
"a" in x









########################################################

TYPE CONVERSION

int(x)  
float(x) 
bool(x) 
string(x)










########################################################

FALSY VALUES

0
""
[]










########################################################

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

if x == 1:  
    print("a")
elif x == 2:  
    print("b")
else:   
    print("c")
 
# Ternary operator 
x = "a" if n > 1 else "b"
 
# Chaining comparison operators
if 18 <= age < 65:









########################################################

LOOPS

for n in range(1, 10): 
    print(n)
 
while n < 10: 
    print(n)
    n += 1










########################################################	

FUNCTIONS

def increment(number, by=1):   
    return number + by
 
# Keyword arguments 
increment(2, by=1)
 
# Variable number of arguments 
def multiply(*numbers): 
    for number in numbers: 
        print number 
 
 
multiply(1, 2, 3, 4)
 
# Variable number of keyword arguments 
def save_user(**user):  
    ...
 
save_user(id=1, name="Mosh")








########################################################

LISTS

# Creating lists
letters = ["a", "b", "c"]     
matrix = [[0, 1], [1, 2]]
zeros = [0] * 5
combined = zeros + letters
numbers = list(range(20))
 
# Accessing items
letters = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
letters[0]  # "a"
letters[-1] # "d"
 
# Slicing lists 
letters[0:3]   # "a", "b", "c"
letters[:3]    # "a", "b", "c"
letters[0:]    # "a", "b", "c", "d"
letters[:]     # "a", "b", "c", "d"
letters[::2]   # "a", "c"
letters[::-1]  # "d", "c", "b", "a" 
 
# Unpacking 
first, second, *other = letters 
 
# Looping over lists 
for letter in letters: 
    ... 
 
for index, letter in enumerate(letters): 
    ... 
 
# Adding items 
letters.append("e")
letters.insert(0, "-")
 
# Removing items 
letters.pop()
letters.pop(0)
letters.remove("b")
del letters[0:3]
 
# Finding items 
if "f" in letters: 
    letters.index("f")
 
# Sorting lists 
letters.sort()
letters.sort(reverse=True) 
 
# Custom sorting 
items = [
    ("Product1", 10),
    ("Product2", 9),
    ("Product3", 11)
]
 
items.sort(key=lambda item: item[1])
 
# Map and filter 
prices = list(map(lambda item: item[1], items))
expensive_items = list(filter(lambda item: item[1] >= 10, items))
 
# List comprehensions 
prices = [item[1] for item in items]
expensive_items = [item for item in items if item[1] >= 10]
 
# Zip function 
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [10, 20, 30]
combined = list(zip(list1, list2))    # [(1, 10), (2, 20)]









########################################################

TUPLES

point = (1, 2, 3)
point(0:2)     # (1, 2)
x, y, z = point 
if 10 in point: 
    ... 
 
# Swapping variables 
x = 10
y = 11
x, y = y, x 









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ARRAYS

from array import array 
 
numbers = array("i", [1, 2, 3])









########################################################

SETS

first = {1, 2, 3, 4}
second = {1, 5}
 
first | second  # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
first & second  # {1}
first - second  # {2, 3, 4}
first ^ second  # {2, 3, 4, 5}
 
if 1 in first: 
    ... 








########################################################

DICTIONARIES

point = {"x": 1, "y": 2}
point = dict(x=1, y=2)
point["z"] = 3
if "a" in point: 
    ... 
point.get("a", 0)   # 0
del point["x"]
for key, value in point.items(): 
   ... 
 
# Dictionary comprehensions 
values = {x: x * 2 for x in range(5)}









########################################################

GENERATOR EXPRESSIONS

values = (x * 2 for x in range(10000))
len(values)  # Error
for x in values: 








########################################################

UNPACKING OPERATOR

first = [1, 2, 3]
second = [4, 5, 6]
combined = [*first, "a", *second]
 
first = {"x": 1}
second = {"y": 2}
combined = {**first, **second}








########################################################

EXCEPTIONS

# Handling Exceptions 
try: 
  ...
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
  ...
else: 
  # no exceptions raised
finally:
  # cleanup code 
 
# Raising exceptions 
if x < 1:   
    raise ValueError("...")
 
# The with statement 
with open("file.txt") as file: 
   ...
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
########################################################

CLASSES

# Creating classes
class Point: 
    def __init__(self, x, y):        
        self.x = x
        self.y = y 
 
    def draw(self):         
        ...
 
# Instance vs class attributes
class Point: 
    default_color = "red"
 
    def __init__(self, x, y):         
        self.x = x
 
# Instance vs class methods
class Point: 
    def draw(self):        
        ...
     
    @classmethod
    def zero(cls):         
        return cls(0, 0)
 
 
# Magic methods
__str__()
__eq__()
__cmp__()
... 
 
# Private members 
class Point: 
    def __init__(self, x):       
        self.__x = x
 
 
# Properties 
class Point: 
    def __init__(self, x):         
        self.__x = x
 
    @property
    def x(self):    
        return self.__x     
 
    @property.setter:
    def x.setter(self, value): 
        self.__x = value 
 
# Inheritance
class FileStream(Stream): 
    def open(self):        
         super().open()
         ...
 
# Multiple inheritance 
class FlyingFish(Flyer, Swimmer): 
    ...
 
# Abstract base classes
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
class Stream(ABC): 
    @abstractmethod
    def read(self): 
        pass 
 
# Named tuples 
from collections import namedtuple
 
Point = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])
point = Point(x=1, y=2)


### Dank aan Mosh Hamedani (https://programmingwithmosh.com/python/python-3-cheat-sheet/) ###